2022年1月14日，北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)工程總設(shè)計(jì)師、中國(guó)工程院院士楊長(zhǎng)風(fēng)在《GPS WORLD》雜志發(fā)表文章《2022方向：進(jìn)入全球服務(wù)新時(shí)代的北斗系統(tǒng)》，介紹了北斗系統(tǒng)目前的系統(tǒng)性能與服務(wù)、應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、國(guó)際合作情況，并展望了北斗系統(tǒng)的后續(xù)計(jì)劃。　　

2022方向：進(jìn)入全球服務(wù)新時(shí)代的北斗系統(tǒng)

          2020年，北斗三號(hào)全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)建成開(kāi)通。2021年，北斗系統(tǒng)不斷提升性能、拓展應(yīng)用、深化合作，持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定、快速發(fā)展。　　

          一、系統(tǒng)性能與服務(wù)當(dāng)前，北斗系統(tǒng)在軌運(yùn)行服務(wù)衛(wèi)星共45顆，包括15顆北斗二號(hào)衛(wèi)星和30顆北斗三號(hào)衛(wèi)星，聯(lián)合為用戶提供7種服務(wù)。具體包括：面向全球，提供定位導(dǎo)航授時(shí)、全球短報(bào)文通信和國(guó)際搜救3種服務(wù)；面向亞太地區(qū)，提供星基增強(qiáng)、地基增強(qiáng)、精密單點(diǎn)定位和區(qū)域短報(bào)文通信4種服務(wù)。系統(tǒng)開(kāi)通服務(wù)一年多來(lái)，運(yùn)行連續(xù)穩(wěn)定，衛(wèi)星可用性均值優(yōu)于0.99、連續(xù)性均值優(yōu)于0.999。定位導(dǎo)航授時(shí)服務(wù)，經(jīng)全球連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)實(shí)測(cè)，全球范圍水平定位精度約1.52米，垂直定位精度約2.64米（B1C信號(hào)單頻、95%置信度）；測(cè)速精度優(yōu)于0.1米/秒，授時(shí)精度優(yōu)于20納秒，亞太區(qū)域精度更優(yōu)。

圖1 全球范圍可見(jiàn)北斗系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)星數(shù)

          上圖是2021年11月18日北斗時(shí)0:00，北斗系統(tǒng)全球范圍可見(jiàn)衛(wèi)星數(shù)。其中，在亞洲太平洋的部分區(qū)域可見(jiàn)衛(wèi)星數(shù)超過(guò)20顆（圖片及信息來(lái)源：www.csno-tarc.cn）全球短報(bào)文服務(wù)，通過(guò)14顆MEO衛(wèi)星，已為授權(quán)用戶、低軌衛(wèi)星提供試用服務(wù)，單次最大通信能力560比特，約40個(gè)漢字；國(guó)際搜救服務(wù)，通過(guò)6顆MEO衛(wèi)星提供符合全球衛(wèi)星搜救系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的406MHz前向報(bào)警服務(wù)（MEOSAR），以及通過(guò)24顆MEO和3顆IGSO衛(wèi)星提供基于B2b信號(hào)的返向鏈路服務(wù)（RLS），目前已完成測(cè)試驗(yàn)證，正在協(xié)調(diào)加入國(guó)際搜救衛(wèi)星組織；星基增強(qiáng)服務(wù)，中國(guó)民用航空管理局正在組織開(kāi)展星地一體化測(cè)試評(píng)估，定位精度、告警時(shí)間、完好性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等指標(biāo)滿足要求；地基增強(qiáng)服務(wù)，利用在中國(guó)范圍內(nèi)建成的框架網(wǎng)基準(zhǔn)站和區(qū)域網(wǎng)基準(zhǔn)站，面向行業(yè)和大眾用戶提供實(shí)時(shí)厘米級(jí)、事后毫米級(jí)高精度服務(wù)；精密單點(diǎn)定位服務(wù)，通過(guò)3顆GEO衛(wèi)星播發(fā)精密單點(diǎn)定位信號(hào)，實(shí)測(cè)水平定位精度0.24米，垂直定位精度0.41米（95%置信度），收斂時(shí)間少于20分鐘；區(qū)域短報(bào)文通信，短報(bào)文通信進(jìn)入大眾手機(jī)已完成測(cè)試驗(yàn)證，后續(xù)計(jì)劃將規(guī)?；瘧?yīng)用。　　

          二、應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展

          北斗規(guī)模應(yīng)用已進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化、國(guó)際化發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵階段。2020年中國(guó)衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航與位置服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)總體產(chǎn)值增速繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，較2019年增長(zhǎng)約16.9%，達(dá)到4033億元人民幣（約632億美元）。基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)品方面，支持北斗三號(hào)系統(tǒng)的北斗/GNSS基礎(chǔ)芯片、模塊、板卡、天線等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)全面突破，國(guó)外主流芯片全部支持北斗系統(tǒng)，建立實(shí)施北斗基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證檢測(cè)制度。大眾應(yīng)用方面，北斗系統(tǒng)日益融入普通百姓的日常生活，正在成為智能手機(jī)、可穿戴設(shè)備等大眾消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品定位功能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置。小米、華為、蘋果、三星等智能手機(jī)廠商均支持北斗系統(tǒng)。2021年前三季度，中國(guó)境內(nèi)申請(qǐng)入網(wǎng)支持北斗定位的智能手機(jī)款型占比達(dá)到72.3%，出貨量占比達(dá)到93.5%。北斗地基增強(qiáng)功能已進(jìn)入智能手機(jī)，可實(shí)現(xiàn)1米級(jí)高精度定位，正在中國(guó)多個(gè)城市開(kāi)展車道級(jí)導(dǎo)航試點(diǎn)應(yīng)用。行業(yè)應(yīng)用方面，北斗系統(tǒng)已全面服務(wù)于交通運(yùn)輸、公共安全、救災(zāi)減災(zāi)、農(nóng)林牧漁等行業(yè)，加速融入電力、金融、通信等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。特別是在科技抗疫斗爭(zhēng)中，北斗精準(zhǔn)定位，助力抗疫物資高效供應(yīng)流轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)前，基于北斗系統(tǒng)的土地確權(quán)、精準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)、智慧港口等解決方案已服務(wù)于亞洲、東歐、非洲等地各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，北斗產(chǎn)品已在全球一半以上國(guó)家和地區(qū)得到應(yīng)用。　　

          三、國(guó)際合作

          北斗始終堅(jiān)持開(kāi)放合作、資源共享的發(fā)展理念，積極務(wù)實(shí)開(kāi)展國(guó)際交流與合作，為和平利用外層空間貢獻(xiàn)中國(guó)力量。

          雙邊方面，中俄衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航重大戰(zhàn)略合作項(xiàng)目委員會(huì)第八次會(huì)議于2021年10月召開(kāi)，雙方聯(lián)合編制并簽署《2021至2025年中俄衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航領(lǐng)域合作路線圖》，為未來(lái)五年中俄衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航合作提供規(guī)劃指導(dǎo)；與阿根廷、南非簽署衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航領(lǐng)域合作文件，正式建立常態(tài)化合作機(jī)制。

          多邊方面，持續(xù)參與聯(lián)合國(guó)全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)國(guó)際委員會(huì)（ICG）系列活動(dòng)，倡導(dǎo)在多邊場(chǎng)合下共商共促全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航事業(yè)。成功舉辦第一屆中非北斗合作論壇、第三屆中阿北斗合作論壇、第二屆中國(guó)-中亞北斗合作論壇以及迪拜世界博覽會(huì)“北斗日”主題活動(dòng)，分享北斗系統(tǒng)建設(shè)發(fā)展成果。

          逐漸融入國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，持續(xù)推進(jìn)北斗系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入民航、海事、搜救衛(wèi)星、移動(dòng)通信、電工委員會(huì)等國(guó)際組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，多項(xiàng)支持北斗系統(tǒng)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)先繼發(fā)布。中國(guó)政府目前已草擬提交國(guó)際民航組織的承諾函，承諾北斗系統(tǒng)將為全球民航用戶免費(fèi)提供基本導(dǎo)航服務(wù)。國(guó)際航標(biāo)協(xié)會(huì)正式發(fā)布包含北斗星基增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，標(biāo)志著全球海事用戶可據(jù)此開(kāi)展北斗星基增強(qiáng)海事應(yīng)用。國(guó)際移動(dòng)通信第三代合作伙伴計(jì)劃已啟動(dòng)北斗三號(hào)B2a、B3I新信號(hào)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作。國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)發(fā)布的全球海上遇險(xiǎn)與安全系統(tǒng)應(yīng)急示位標(biāo)檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，將支持北斗接收機(jī)和北斗搜救服務(wù)。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)法治建設(shè)，中國(guó)政府高度重視并全面推進(jìn)衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航法治建設(shè)，基本形成以國(guó)家宏觀政策為主導(dǎo)、行業(yè)和地方政策法規(guī)為主體的北斗法律制度體系。積極推進(jìn)《中華人民共和國(guó)衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航條例》立法進(jìn)程，保障衛(wèi)星產(chǎn)業(yè)健康、快速、持續(xù)發(fā)展。2021年5月，發(fā)布《北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)法治建設(shè)報(bào)告》。　　

          四、后續(xù)計(jì)劃

          后續(xù)，北斗系統(tǒng)一方面將保證系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定，另一方面將抓好備份衛(wèi)星研制，完成備份衛(wèi)星生產(chǎn)、狀態(tài)優(yōu)化和地面測(cè)試工作，根據(jù)需要發(fā)射性能更優(yōu)的北斗三號(hào)備份衛(wèi)星，進(jìn)一步提高星座可靠性。秉承“中國(guó)的北斗、世界的北斗、一流的北斗”發(fā)展理念。弘揚(yáng)“自主創(chuàng)新、開(kāi)放融合、萬(wàn)眾一心、追求卓越”的新時(shí)代北斗精神，服務(wù)全球，造福人類！

          作者：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)工程總設(shè)計(jì)師、中國(guó)工程院院士 楊長(zhǎng)風(fēng)　　

        英文全文如下：　　

Directions 2022: BDS enters new era of global services

         Yang Changfeng is BeiDou’s Chief Architect. (Photo: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System)　　

         Construction of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) has been completed. The system was formally commissioned on July 31, 2020. In 2021, BDS continued to improve performance, expand applications and deepen cooperation, and has achieved sustained, stable and rapid development.　　

         System Performance and Services　　

         Currently, 45 BDS satellites are operational in orbit — 15 BDS-2 satellites and 30 BDS-3 satellites jointly provide seven types of services to users. Specifically, for the entire planet, the system provides three services:　　

         Positioning, navigation and timing (PNT).　　

         Global short-message communication.　　

         International search-and-rescue (SAR) services.　　

         For the Asia-Pacific region, the system provides four additional services:　　

         Satellite-based augmentation.　　

         Ground-based augmentation.　　

         Precise point positioning.　　

          Regional short-message communication services.　　

          The system has been operating continuously and stably since commissioning, with the average value of satellite availability better than 0.99 and the average value of satellite continuity better than 0.999.　　

          PNT Service. As actually measured by the International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS), the global horizontal positioning accuracy is about 1.52 meters, the vertical positioning accuracy is about 2.64 meters (B1C signal single frequency, 95% confidence), the velocity measurement accuracy is better than 0.1 m/s, and timing accuracy is better than 20 nanoseconds. The performance is better in the Asia-Pacific region.　　

          FIGURE 1 shows the number of visible BDS satellites worldwide at BDT 00:00 on Nov. 18, 2021. Among them, the number of visible BDS satellites exceeds 20 in some areas of the Asia-Pacific region.　

figure 1. Number of visible BDS satellites, elevation ≥5° (2021/11/18/00:00 BDT). (CREDIT: www.csno-tarc.cn)　　

          Global Short Message Communication Service. Trial service is provided through 14 medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) satellites for authorized users and low-orbit satellites, with a maximum single-message length of 560 bits, equivalent to about 40 Chinese characters.　　

          Search-and-Rescue Service. A COSPAS/SARSAT-compliant MEOSAR service is provided by six payloads deployed on six MEO satellites. A B2b signal-based Return Link Service (RLS) is provided through 24 MEO and three IGSO satellites, which have completed testing and verification and are in the process of coordination within the framework of COSPAS-SARSAT.　　

          Satellite-Based Augmentation Service. China’s Civil Aviation Administration is organizing satellite-ground integrated test and evaluation, and the positioning accuracy, alarm time, integrity risk and other indicators meet the requirements.　　

         Ground-Based Augmentation Service. Real-time centimeter-level and post-processing millimeter-level services are provided for industrial and public users, based on the regional network reference stations built in China.　　

         Precise Point Positioning Service. PPP signals are broadcast by three GEO satellites. The measured horizontal positioning accuracy is 0.24 m, the vertical positioning accuracy is 0.41 m (95% confidence), and the convergence time is less than 20 minutes.　　

          Regional Short Message Communication Service. The short-message communication function has been tested and verified for integration into public mobile phones; large-scale application is planned.　　

          Development of the Applications Industry　　

          Large-scale applications of BDS have entered a critical stage of liberalization, industrialization and internationalization. The overall output value of China’s satellite navigation and location-based service industry continued to grow in 2020, up to 403.3 billion yuan (US$63.2 billion), which is about 16.9% more than its value in 2019. In terms of BDS-3-enabled basic products, an industrial chain is gradually maturing, comprised of BDS/GNSS basic chips, modules, boards, antennas and other components.
          The certification and testing system of basic BDS products has been established and implemented. BDS is already supported by most mainstream chips. BDS is increasingly being integrated into the daily life of the general public. It is becoming the standard configuration for positioning functions of smartphones and other mass-market products.
　　Smartphone manufacturers such as Xiaomi, Huawei, Apple and Samsung already support BDS. In the first three quarters of 2021, among all types of smartphones applying for online access in China, 72.3% supported positioning function based on BDS, accounting for 93.5% of the total sales volume. The BDS ground-based augmentation function has been introduced into smartphones to achieve high-precision positioning at the 1-meter level; lane-level navigation is being piloted in several cities in China.
　    In terms of industrial applications, BDS has fully served multiple industries including transportation, public security, disaster relief, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing. It has accelerated the integration into electricity, finance, communications and other infrastructure. In particular, in the fight against COVID-19 through scientific and technological approaches, BDS-based precise positioning has facilitated the efficient supply and circulation of anti-epidemic materials.
　　BDS-based solutions for land rights determination, precision agriculture and smart ports have served the economic and social development of countries in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa, and BDS-based products have been applied in more than half of the world’s countries and regions.

          International Cooperation
　　BDS has always adhered to the development concepts of openness, cooperation and resource sharing; actively carried out practical international exchanges and cooperation; and contributed to China’s peaceful use of outer space.
　　Bilaterally, the Eighth Meeting of the China-Russia Project Committee on Major Strategic Cooperation in Satellite Navigation was held in October 2021. Both sides jointly formulated and signed the Roadmap for Cooperation in the Field of Satellite Navigation from 2021 to 2025, providing planning and guidance for China-Russia satellite navigation cooperation in the next five years. Also, China’s Satellite Navigation Office signed a memorandum of understanding on satellite navigation cooperation with the National Committee on Space Activities of the Republic of Argentina and the South African National Space Agency, and formally established a regular cooperation mechanism.
　　BDS is gradually being integrated into international standards, and is steadily promoting ratification by international standards bodies, including in the civil aviation, maritime, SAR, mobile communications and electrotechnical fields. Several international standards supporting BDS have been released. The Chinese government has drafted a letter of commitment to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), stating that BDS will provide basic services free of charge to civil aviation users around the world. The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) has officially issued a standard that ratifies BDSBAS, so that global marine users can carry out applications based on it. The Third Generation Partnership Project has started the standardization of BDS-3’s B2a and B3I signals. In the detection standard for Indicating Radio Beacon Locator of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission, BDS receivers and BDS-based SAR services will be supported.
　　The Chinese government is steadily advancing the rule of law, attaching great importance to and comprehensively promoting the rule of law for satellite navigation. A legal system on BDS has been formed, consisting of national policies, industrial and local policies and regulations, and more. The legislative process of the Satellite Navigation Regulations of the People’s Republic of China has been actively promoted to ensure the healthy, rapid and sustainable development of the satellite industry. In May 2021, China issued a development report on the rule of law of BDS.
　　Follow-Up Plan
　　In the future, on the one hand BDS will ensure stable operation, while on the other hand it will focus on the development of backup satellites, and complete the production, state optimization and ground testing of backup satellites. Backup BDS-3 satellites with better performance will be launched as needed to further improve the reliability of the constellation. By adhering to the development concept of “BDS is developed by China, dedicated to the world and aiming to be first class,” carrying forward the BDS spirit of the new era of “independent innovation, open integration, unity of all, pursuit of excellence,” BDS will serve the world and benefit all humankind.
　　Number of BDS-3 satellites in orbit: 30
　　Signals broadcast: B1I, B3I, B1C, B2a, and B2b
　　Yang Changfeng is chief architect of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and a Chinese Academy of Engineering academician.

          來(lái)源：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)